Synthesis and Characterization of SnO and SnO₂ Catalysts for Biodiesel from Crude Palm Oil via Interesterification
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.55749/ijcs.v5i1.98Keywords:
Biodiesel, Crude Palm Oil, Interesterification, SnO and SnO₂Abstract
This study reports the synthesis and characterization of SnO and SnO₂ catalysts for biodiesel production from crude palm oil (CPO) via interesterification. SnO was synthesized using the hydrothermal method, while SnO₂ was prepared through the sol–gel route. The catalysts were applied in the interesterification of refined bleached palm oil with methyl acetate at an oil : methyl acetate molar ratio of 1:9, catalyst loading of 0.25 wt%, reaction temperature of 65 °C, and reaction time of 3 h. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the formation of tetragonal SnO and rutile tetragonal SnO₂ phases. Biodiesel quality was evaluated according to SNI 7182:2015 parameters. Biodiesel produced using SnO showed density of 861 kg/m³, viscosity of 3.09 cSt, water content of 0.25%, free fatty acid (FFA) of 0.66%, and iodine value of 44.04. Meanwhile, SnO₂-catalyzed biodiesel exhibited density of 886 kg/m³, viscosity of 3.12 cSt, water content of 0.22%, FFA of 0.56%, and iodine value of 36.03. GC–MS analysis identified methyl oleate as the dominant compound in SnO-catalyzed biodiesel, while methyl palmitate was dominant in SnO₂-catalyzed biodiesel. These results indicate that both catalysts have potential as alternative heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production from palm oil via interesterification.
References
[1] Yudiartono, Y., Windarta, J. and Adiarso, A. 2022. Analisis prakiraan kebutuhan energi nasional jangka panjang untuk mendukung program peta jalan transisi energi menuju karbon netral. JEBT. 3(3). 201-217. Doi: https://doi.org/10.14710/jebt.2022.14264
[2] De Rosa, M., Gainsford, K., Pallonetto, F. and Finn, D.P. 2022. Diversification, concentration and renewability of the energy supply in the European Union. Energy. 253. 124097. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2022.124097
[3] Devita, L. 2015. Biodiesel sebagai bioenergi alternatif dan prospeftif. Agrica Ekstensia. 9(2). 23-26.
[4] Murgianto, F., Edyson, E., Ardiyanto, A., Putra, S.K. and Prabowo, L. 2021. Potential content of palm oil at various levels of loose fruit in oil palm circle. Jurnal Agro Ind. Perkeb. 91-98. Doi: https://doi.org/10.25181/jaip.v9i2.2161
[5] Abbas, G.H. and Ilyas, N.M. 2021. Review: penggunaan katalis heterogen pada produksi biodiesel. Jurnal Ilmiah Kimia dan Pendidikan Kimia. 22(2). 99-107. Doi: https://doi.org/10.35580/chemica.v22i2.26406
[6] Widayat, W., Maheswari, N.T., Fitriani, W., Buchori, L., Satriadi, H., Kusmiyati, K. and Ngadi, N. 2023. Preparation of MgO-CaO/SiO 2 catalyst from dolomite and geothermal solid waste for biodiesel production. Int. J. Renew. Energy Dev. 12(3). 541. Doi: https://doi.org/10.14710/ijred.2023.51573
[7] Wicaksono, D. and Kusumaningtyas, R.D., 2019. Synthesis of ZnO/CaO catalyst from eggshell waste for biodiesel production. JBAT. 8(1). 65-71. Doi: https://doi.org/10.15294/jbat.v8i1.20185
[8] Welter, R.A., Santana, H.S., Gaziola de la Torre, L., Barnes, M.C., Taranto, O.P. and Oelgemöller, M. 2023. Biodiesel Production by Heterogeneous Catalysis and Eco‐friendly Routes. ChemBioEng Rev. 10(2). 86–111. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/cben.202200062
[9] Namratha, K., Nayan, M.B., Darshan, M.S., Basavarajappa, H.T., Madesh, P. and Byrappa, K. 2022. Hydrothermal–From Geology to Technology (Part 1). J. Geol. Soc. India. 98(3). 353-362. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12594-022-1987-0
[10] Muslim, I., Safrihatini, W. and Aini, W. 2017. Pengaruh katalis pada proses pembentukan partikel nano silika sebagai material hidrofobik. JKPK. 2(3). 152-157. Doi: https://doi.org/10.20961/jkpk.v2i3.11920
[11] Elgharbawy, A.S., Sadik, W., Sadek, O.M. and Kasaby, M.A. 2021. A review on biodiesel feedstocks and production technologies. Chil. Chem. Soc. 66(1). 5098-5109. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0717-97072021000105098
[12] Husein, S., Wahyuni, E.T. and Mudasir, M. 2019. Synthesis of Tin (II) Oxide (SnO) nanoparticle by hydrothermal method. JKPK. 4(3). 145-151. Doi: https://doi.org/10.20961/jkpk.v4i3.29898
[13] Zhang, Y., Zhong, L. and Duan, D. 2016. A single-step direct hydrothermal synthesis of SrTiO3 nanoparticles from crystalline P25 TiO2 powders. J. Mater. Sci. 51(2). 1142-1152. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-015-9445-7
[14] Niu, Y.Q., Liu, J.H., Aymonier, C., Fermani, S., Kralj, D., Falini, G. and Zhou, C.H. 2022. Calcium carbonate: controlled synthesis, surface functionalization, and nanostructured materials. Chem. Soc. Rev. 51(18). 7883-7943. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1039/D1CS00519G
[15] Murzalinov, D., Dmitriyeva, E., Lebedev, I., Bondar, E.A., Fedosimova, A.I. and Kemelbekova, A. 2022. The effect of pH solution in the sol–gel process on the structure and properties of thin SnO2 films. Processes. 10(6). 1116. Doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10061116
[16] Katoueizadeh, E., Rasouli, M. and Zebarjad, S.M. 2020. A comprehensive study on the gelation process of silica gels from sodium silicate. J. Mater. Res. Technol. 9(5). 10157–10165. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2020.07.020
[17] Wahyuningsih, F., Wahyudi, B.S., Teguh, A. and Sri, W. 2016. Kinetika Kalsinasi Seria Zirkonia dari Proses Gelasi Eksternal. Jurnal Rekayasa Proses. 10(1). 16-22. Doi: https://doi.org/10.22146/jrekpros.34423
[18] Rossani, W.I. and Amri, A., 2021. Penentuan Kadar bleaching earth dan Phosporic acid pada Proses Degumming dan bleaching crude palm oil. J. Bioprocess, Chem. Environ. Eng. Sci. 2(2). 1–14. Doi: https://doi.org/10.31258/jbchees.3.1.1-14
[19] Ristianingsih, Y., Sutijan, S. and Budiman, A. 2012. Studi Kinetika Proses Kimia Dan Fisika Penghilangan Getah Crude Plam Oil (Cpo) Dengan Asam Fosfat. Reaktor. 13(4). 242-247. Doi: https://doi.org/10.14710/reaktor.13.4.242-247
[20] Hasballah, T. and Siregar, L.H. 2021. Analisa pemakaian jumlah BE (bleaching earth) terhadap kualitas warna DBPO (Degummed Bleached Palm Oil) pada tangki bleacher (d202) dengan kapasitas 2000 Ton/Hari di unit refinery PT. SMART Tbk Belawan. J. Teknol. Mesin UDA. 1(1). 9–16.
[21] Veronika, N. and Sihotang, A., 2023. Pengaruh Bleaching Earth Pada Proses Pemucatan Terhadap Kualitas Produksi Minyak Goreng Sawit (Palm Olein). J. Sains dan Ilmu Terap. 6(1). 36–42. Doi: https://doi.org/10.59061/jsit.v6i1.140
[22] Hakim, L., Dirgantara, M. and Nawir, M. 2019. Karakterisasi struktur material pasir bongkahan galian golongan c dengan menggunakan X-Ray Difraction (X-RD) di kota Palangkaraya. Jurnal Jejaring Matematika dan Sains. 1(1). 44-51. Doi: https://doi.org/10.36873/jjms.v1i1.136
[23] Agusti, T.R., Agustine, D. and Nurlatifah, I. 2020. Esterifikasi Gliserol Produk Samping Biodiesel Menjadi Triasetin Menggunakan Katalis SO42-/TiO2. JIMTEK. 1(3), 290-297.
[24] Daryono, E.D. 2020. Proses Interesterifikasi Minyak Kelapa Sawit Menjadi Biodiesel Dengan Co-solvent Metil Ester. Jurnal Rekayasa Bahan Alam dan Energi Berkelanjutan. 4(1). 1-8. Doi: https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.rbaet.2020.004.01.01
[25] Tefera, N.T., Nallamothu, R.B., Alemayehu, G. and Kefale, Y. 2024. Optimization, characterization, and GC-MS analysis of CSOME produced using alkali catalyzed transesterification. Energy Convers. Manag.: X. 22, 100549. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecmx.2024.100549
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Indonesian Journal of Chemical Studies
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
